How to build strong bee hives for honey production – Ed Holcombe
This is from the notes I took at an excellent session at the Heartland Apiary Society gathering in Cookeville, TN July 8-10, 2010. I’ve tried to accurately record the instructions that were given, but it is quite possible that I’ve gotten something wrong. Caveat Emptor and all that.
Everyone won’t agree with all of this – that is a given among bee keepers – but I’ve tried not to interject my opinion at all.
To make a good honey crop requires:
1) A large population of foraging bees during the honey flow.
2) That they not swarm.
It is assumed that the bees are healthy and disease free, and have a manageable load of mites or other parasites.
Requeen within the next 6 weeks (EI between July 10 and August 21 more or less) if your existing queen has already performed through one or more intensive brood production periods. It is important that your queen is performing at her peak potential during the fall build up. Without a strong hive population going into winter it will be impossible to build up sufficiently to exploit the short nectar flow that is available in the south.
Never let any hives fall below less than 15 pounds of honey available in the hive – ever.
Note: Dates given are rules of thumb based on mid-south weather, but even in the mid south they are only guidelines and judgment should be exercised by the bee keeper – that’s really the trick isn’t it?
To prevent swarming
Feb 15 – Inspect hives.
March 10 – Population build up should be apparent. At this time (before bees have worked all the way to the top of the hive) reverse hive bodies – but only if at least 4-5 days of decent weather is predicted.
April 1 – Arrange hives so that all brood is in the top brood box except for one frame of capped brood plus one frame of mixed brood in the bottom brood box – remainder of frames in the bottom box to be empty drawn comb. This manipulation is to make room for queen to lay.
Reverse hive bodies about every ten days – three times by April 25.
April 11 – if weather permits do a thorough inspection and remove any queen cells – As long as fresh eggs are found indicating a queen which is laying. Continue to inspect and remove swarm cells every 10 days for the duration of swarm season.
April 20 – add honey super whether they need it or not.
April 25 –main brood chamber should be on the bottom.
Don’t use a queen excluder until June 15.
June 15 – add a queen excluder wherever you want it regardless of presence of brood above the excluder – make sure that the queen is below the excluder.
July 6 – any brood above excluder will have emerged and cells will be filled with honey – honey may be harvested at this time.
This post is probably not going to be very interesting unless you keep honey bees – Or want to become a bee keeper. Sorry about that, but there will be more gardening content coming soon.
Queen Bees – The heart and soul of a honey bee colony is the Queen. Every hive has just one (with few exceptions) and if she is healthy, good natured, and productive she will pass those traits on to all of her daughters – the worker bees – and all will be good.
A bee keeper needs new queens to replace failing older queens, and to establish new hives and grow their operations. If a hive becomes queenless for very long it’s production and health will suffer, and eventually the colony will die. Hives with old queens are more likely to “swarm” – an event where the hive splits itself and half of the bees flying off to make honey for their selves instead of for the bee keeper. So replacing old queens with new ones every year is also a way of preventing swarms.
Queen Rearing – Most bee keepers order new queens by mail (when they are available) for about $20 each plus shipping. Others raise (or allow the bees to raise) their own queens one at a time like nature does. These videos are of what is called queen “rearing” – producing viable queens in batches.
At a value of $20.00 each the ability to rear even small batches of queens could make a big difference in the economics of a small apiary. Being able to have queens when you need them instead of having to wait for one to come through the mail, and having some control over genetics are also factors in favor of learning this craft.
Wax cell cups for raising queens
In the first video very young (probably one day old or less) worker larva are being removed from a frame of brood comb and placed into wax cups using a wire grafting tool. BTW, all workers are female. The larva are very small – about the size of a comma. Wax cups roughly the size of a small thimble are either manufactured or are home made by dipping a wet wooden peg into liquid wax.
1) Grafting larva into cups
In the next video, the grafted queen cups which have been mounted with hot wax onto cork shaped pegs that fit into a special frame are being placed into a “cell starter” hive. A cell starter is a regular hive with the queen removed that has a very high population density of bees – especially young “nurse” bees – and plenty of food stores – honey, and pollen. Probably the bee keeper removed hive body boxes from the starter hive to crowd the bees together. The high density of nurse bees and food will assure that the grafted larva will be fed plenty of “royal jelly” which is produced by the nurse bees. The queenless state of the hive will motivate the workers to raise new queens just like they would in nature if something happened to the old queen.
Worker bees are raised in comb cells just like honey comb which are horizontally oriented while queens are raised in cells that hang down vertically. Apiarists have learned that some of the worker larva that are the right age placed into a queenless hive in cells that are vertically oriented like queen cells, will be raised as queens – which is what all of this manipulation is about. The only differences that make a worker larva become a queen is the diet of royal jelly that they are fed as larva and the shape of the cell that they grow in. In a few days the cells can be removed from the cell starter hive, and either another batch started, or the queen can be replaced, and the starter hive can be returned to work making honey.
2)Installing grafted queen cups into a cell starter hive
In the next video the bee keeper is collecting nurse bees that he will use to make up “mating nucs” for the newly hatched queens. Nurse bees have never been out of their home hive, and won’t try to fly back to it once the Nucleus hives are set up. Also the nurse bees – after being without a queen and her pheromones for a few hours – will be very accepting of a new queen. If a queen is introduced into a hive that already has a queen she will usually be killed. The young nurse bees will also be the right age to produce wax comb in the empty mating nuc.
If you carry a box full of bees away from it’s colony all of the mature field bees will quickly return to the home hive, but the nurse bees will not readily abandon brood comb which contains baby bees. So the bee keeper has separated brood comb covered with nurse bees a short distance from their hive(s) and allowed the field bees to leave. Once he is finished with this operation I imagine the brood will be returned to it’s home. I think he is spraying them with sugar or honey water to keep them calm.
3) Collecting Nurse Bees for Mating Nucs
In the next video the nurse bees are being measured into the empty mating nucleus hives. It looks to me like he is measuring about a cup of bees into each one – 1700 bees more or less.
4) Ladling nurse bees into mating nucs
In the next video the newly hatched virgin queens are being marked for identification to prepare them for going into the mating nucleus hives. Queens can be labeled with tiny numbered stickers – or simply with a dot of color which indicates the year of her birth. Either way she will be marked for life, and a marked queen is a lot easier to find in a hive full of bees.
Notice at the beginning of the video the queen cells have been placed into small cages. This was done off video after the queen cells were capped (sealed) by the nurse bees, and before the adult queens emerged from the capped cells. If they weren’t confined in cages the first queen to emerge would kill all of her sisters before they came out of their cells.
After the queen cells were caged they might have been put into an artificial incubator, or most likely into a “cell finisher” hive which is just a strong normal “queenright” (with queen) hive that keeps the capped cells at the correct temperature and humidity until they hatch.
You will notice that queen bees are not inclined to sting or fly.
5) Marking Virgin Queens
In the next video the marked queens are being dipped into honey water to mask their scent and help the nurse bees to accept her before being inserted into the prepared mating nucleus hives.
After installing the queen the beekeeper is closing the entrance, and making an entry in his voice memo recorder which I’m sure will be later transcribed into a written record. Record keeping is an important part of this kind of operation.
The small size of the mating nucs make it possible for such a small number of bees to control the temperature, protect it from invaders, and become a full fledged although small colony. The sides of these particular nucs are glass which will make it very easy to monitor the progress of the queens. The top section of the nuc has a space for food (probably sugar candy) so that the little family of bees can get its house in order without worrying about gathering food for a few days.
Any small hive can be used as a mating nucleus, or even a full sized hive, but the nucs in these videos look like they would be perfect for this kind of operation – and would be especially handy if they were to be taken to a remote location for mating.
6) Installing Queens into Mating Nucs
Once the queenright nucs are placed into the apiary and the entrances opened the workers will get busy setting up house, and within a few days the queen will fly out for her mating flight.
On her mating flight the new queen may fly several miles away and hopefully will mate with several strong healthy male “drone” bees, and then return to her little colony. She will only do this one time in her life, and her body will retain the sperm to fertilize all of the female eggs that she ever lays. Drone eggs are not fertilized oddly enough.
If the queen doesn’t return – she could be eaten by a bird, hornet or other predator, or she could be killed by sudden bad weather – the hive is basically doomed.
The queens that do return will soon start laying eggs, and soon the little colony will outgrow the mating nucs. The successful queens can easily be evaluated by comparing how much brood they produce, and the best ones will be either sold (for about $20 each in the United States) or used within the apiary for replacing old queens or establishing new hives.
In the next video the worker bees from the nucleus hives seem to be being combined along with one queen to form an artificial swarm for the establishment of a new hive. A package of honey bees that you can mail order is exactly like this artificial swarm.
7) Reuniting bees from used mating nucs into an artificial swarm
The bee keeper in these videos is obviously extremely experienced and competent, and is demonstrating his own tried and true method for queen rearing. The fact that he is speaking German (I think) really doesn’t matter, because as they say – a picture is worth a thousand words. If anyone who understands would like to translate a bit in the comments I would very much appreciate it.
BTW, I certainly do not intend to imply that I’m an expert on queen rearing – I’ve never done it yet. However I intend to give it a try once I build my apiary to the point where I have enough resources – probably next year which will be my third keeping bees. I am posting this because; Reader response to the other articles that I’ve done on beekeeping has been quite positive so I think quite a few people find it interesting. And, producing an article like this helps me to learn.
Those cone shaped bee hives are called skeps, and I’m pretty sure that the two simple wooden boxes are bee hives too. In most (if not all) of the United States the law requires that bees be kept in “modern” hives which can be opened and inspected. This marvelous picture is one of many extraordinary images that you can see at The Bee Photographer – www.thehoneygatherers.com. BTW – that is not me in the picture.
I’ve really enjoyed my first summer keeping bees – Working with, observing, and learning about the bees has been very interesting and enjoyable. Before I started I read a lot about the subject, but inevitably experience teaches things that I didn’t pick up on during months of study.
You have to feed bees - And it is more expensive than you would think – ideally bees feed their selves, but if you are trying to increase the population of your apiary you will probably have to feed sometimes – BTW most hobby bee keepers feed their bees syrup made out of plain old granulated sugar. I haven’t kept up with it, but I wouldn’t be surprised if I’ve bought $50 (or more) worth of sugar to feed my 1 1/2 hives of bees this year.
When I feed my bees syrup I use a quart jar with a few small holes in the lid.
Bees make honey of course, but they also eat honey. So if you harvest too much, or if it just isn’t a good year for honey production you might have to feed your bees – even after they are well established. But when you are first starting out and concentrating on growing more bees rather than producing honey it’s almost a sure thing that you will have to feed. Bee keepers have a saying – You can grow bees or you can grow honey, but not both. Don’t plan on producing a lot of honey for a year or two.
My mail order "package" of bees.
I started bee keeping by ordering a “package” of bees by U.S. Mail. Despite placing my order in January I didn’t get my bees until May 10 – a whole month into the TN honey gathering season. Also being my first year I didn’t have any drawn comb so my bees had only an empty box for a home and had to start out building wax comb instead of raising baby bees and gathering honey. If one could start with a “nuc” – a small, but complete hive – earlier in the season the hive would get a much better start, and you might not have to feed them much – if at all.
Getting stung is pretty rare – I’ve only been stung 2-3 times, and once was because I put my hand down on a bee. I know that it varies, but my Italian bees are very mild mannered so far. Something that I didn’t really know before is that even when you open a hive and take it apart to inspect – almost all of the bees just keep on going about their business. Unless you really get them upset they don’t all fly out and mob you – that never happened to me. Very few of them ever try to sting you, and they don’t search for a gap to crawl into your clothes to get at you. I did several full inspections while wearing regular clothes along with a veil and gloves – without getting stung. Some bees aren’t so mild mannered, but my commercially raised Italians are.
You don’t really need a lot of equipment – Like any hobby you could spend a lot of money on a bunch of paraphernalia that you don’t need, but there is really no need for most of it.
What you do need:
Veil – A veil keeps bees away from your head and neck, but a mosquito head net from a hunting supply store will work for less than $5.
Gloves – many experienced bee keepers don’t wear gloves, but your hands are the most likely place to get stung and you will be more confident if you wear gloves at first.
Bee hive – A home for your bees. But this does not have to be expensive. A simple top bar hive can be built very cheaply, and will work just fine.
Bees
A plan – there was a time when honey bees could be kept successfully with very little human intervention, but because of the globalization of parasites and diseases that is no longer the case. You need a plan for how you are going to deal with those issues – especially varroa mites. You don’t have to know before you start, but by the end of your first summer you will, or it is likely that you will lose your bees within a year or so. Read all you can.
What you don’t need:
Honey extraction equipment – processing a lot of honey probably won’t be a problem for at least a year or two, and lots of bee keepers do what is called “crush and strain” which doesn’t require anything that you don’t already probably have.
Bee suit – Long pants and long sleeves to tuck everything into will work fine – along with some gloves and some kind of veil. A roll of tape to secure cuffs and sleeves with will make you more confident, but won’t really be needed most of the time.
Hive tool – a putty knife, screwdriver or pocket knife will work. I still don’t have a hive tool.
Feeder – a quart jar works fine.
Frames and foundation – top bars with popsickle sticks will work great for your bees to build comb from.
Chemicals, supplements, medications – You might have to treat for varroa mites, but I personally don’t buy the philosophy that you should arbitrarily dose your bees with antibiotics and other chemicals whether they need it or not.
If you are starting out with a package of gentle commercially produced bees like I did you could totally do without almost all of the protective garb. A “real” bee suit will boost your confidence, but a $2.00 pair of work gloves, a $2.00 mosquito head net from any hunting supply store, a standard “hoodie” – sweat shirt, and long pants will work fine. You don’t have to have a smoker – It is nice for getting the bees to move out of the way, and you will want one sooner or later, but in my opinion you don’t really need it until long after you have installed your package. New packages are especially docile.
One hive isn’t enough – Starting with one hive is fine – two is probably better, but if you plan to keep bees from now on you will need more than one hive. Fortunately, your colonies can reproduce and turn one hive into many if you want to. The problem with keeping only one or two hives is that if you lose one or two hives (not unusual) you are out of bees, but as long as you have one healthy colony left you can use it’s offspring to repopulate a failed hive. So, multiple hives allow your operation to be more sustainable.
It is difficultto be “chemical free” your first year - Most commercially produced bees don’t have very much resistance to parasites and diseases, and it is likely that you will choose to treat them, however there are effective alternatives to expensive synthetic chemical treatments. There is also a lot of bad information about alternative treatments – so choose your plan of action carefully.
Bee hives come in all shapes and configurations and can be an attractive addition to a garden.
Honey bees don’t really care what kind of “house” they live in. If you are building your own hive – woodenware as bee keepers call it – there are good reasons to use a standard configuration, but the bees won’t care if you don’t. For centuries mud covered wicker skep hives like the ones in the top picture were used all over Europe. Skeps are against the law in most parts of the U.S. however, because they are difficult to inspect.
Online forums are a great source of information – However, anyone can contribute to the conversation even if they don’t know what they are talking about. I highly recommend that you check some of them out, but take everything with a grain of salt. BeeMaster.com is one of my favorites, but as with any forum be prepared to filter.
This is a brand new (and nearly perfect) frame of honey bee brood. Click on the picture for a closer look.
Not brood as in introspective and depressed – brood is the term for pre-adult honey bees. The queen lays an egg in a cell (up to 2000 a day) and 3 days later it hatches out into a larva – on day 8 the workers put a wax cap on it – where it meta morphs like a caterpillar into a butterfly. A few days later (depending on what caste the bee is destined for) an adult bee emerges.
I promise that this isn’t going to turn into a blog just about honey bees, but I think this is pretty cool and I thought some of you might be interested. Click on either picture in this article and you’ll get a high resolution version that you can zoom in on – hold the ctrl button and hit the + key to zoom in.
Look closely now - in the uncapped cells you can see white larva curled up in all stages of development. The white capped cells at the top of the frame contain honey - I think. The tan cappings lower down contain baby bees. The cells that look empty actually have either eggs or larvae that are too small to see. Right in the center of the picture you can see a bee with her head stuck down into a cell - she's feeding a baby. Click on the picture for a much higher definition view.
Is that cool or what?
If you’ve been following my progress as a bee keeper you can see from these pictures that the bees have stopped building crooked comb and are now building 2 frames of comb like this about every 3 days.
Because of a mistake which I made my bees built crooked comb across the frames instead of inside of them.
One week after putting my mail ordered package of honey bees into the hive I opened it up to see what had transpired. I wanted to check sooner but cold rainy weather prevented it. What I was hoping to find in there was lots of nice straight parallel comb built from the guides on the top bars of the frames. And that is probably what I would have found if I had followed Michael Bush’s advice to not put the queen cage inside of a foundationless hive or they would be likely to build crossed comb off of it. Maybe I’ll listen next time. This is the kind of mistake that rookies (like me) make.
After I cut the queen cage out and brushed off the bees you can see that they built in two different directions across the frames instead of parallel with the frames. Once they got started wrong they just kept building parallel with the initial crooked comb.
I rubber banded the combs into the frames, and twisted it all around as straight as possible.
There was probably about 3 frames worth of beautiful new comb (I hived the package of bees one week before) that were running across the frames, and when I opened the hive most of it collapsed. Plus about 3/4 frame total that they had built more or less correct. I hope that I got all of it right side up at least – I doubt it though.
That nice piece there on the right actually grew there – I banded it in to keep it from falling out while I worked on the crooked one that crossed right next to it. The dark areas of comb are pollen stores, and the cells above that are full of uncured honey. What I didn’t realize at the time was that most of the lower parts of the combs were already full of brood – eggs and baby bee larva.
I never spotted the queen – she wasn’t still in the queen cage though. I was careful and the bees were really mild so the carnage wasn’t too bad despite this being the first time I ever even saw the inside of an active bee hive. I did a fair amount of damage to some of the comb, but considering it was only a little bit more firm than biscuit dough I think I did alright for my first time.
A few days later I spotted some capped brood – 8 day old larvae which are in the pupal stage of development, like when a butterfly is in it’s cocoon. At that point I knew that the queen had been busy laying eggs.
At the rate they were going up till now I think that the 8 frame medium hive body they are in would’ve been full of comb in another week. I’m sure this is a speed bump at least, but I’m thinking I should check back in 4 days or so to make sure, and to try and find the queen. I hope this gets them going more or less straight.
Three days later I looked in to see how the repairs were going.
One of the frames of collapsed comb that I had to re-frame
Only three days later it looked like this:
Already attached and running straight – so far. When I rubber banded it in the comb was so soft that even being as careful as possible I did a fair amount of damage to it, but the bees got to work and fixed it all up.
There were some other frames that looked a little more lumpy but they were all attached well and expanded somewhat. It looks to me like that even with the set back they are building about 1/2 frame of comb a day.
I looked pretty hard, but still didn’t spot the queen (or eggs) , but I figure that in another 3-5 days I should be able to spot larvae if all is well.
I later saw some brood in the pictures that Shirley took during this inspection.
Photography again by my lovely and fearless wife Shirley who stood 15 feet away without a stitch of protective gear to take these pictures.
The honey bees that I ordered last January arrived in the mail today – actually 4 weeks ago – but that’s when I started this post. As soon as I picked them up at the post office I misted them with some cool water – they were definitely thirsty – as soon as they got out of the box later they started lapping up water wherever they could find it. Since it was a little bit cool today the bees rode in the cab of the truck to keep them from being chilled on the ride home.
A 3 pound package of bees as it comes through the mail.
The first thing I did to get the bees into the hive was to take out 4 frames to make a space for the bees – then pry the plywood cover off of the package. The bees will hopefully build nice neat comb in the frames. I’m using wooden starter strips instead of wax foundation and this is my first ever hive of bees so the frames are completely empty.
The package contains a can of syrup with a few holes in it for the bees to eat as they move through the mail system.
I'm holding the metal tab that the queen cage is hanging from as I very slowly remove the syrup can. Everything has bees clinging to it so you have to go slow and kind of wiggle things around to keep from injuring them.
After removing the can I kept the bees in the cage by laying the little piece of plywood back over the hole.
Notice the white wax that the workers deposited on the queen cage while they were in route. They really can't wait to get to work. You can't see the queen in this picture, but she's been marked with a spot of florescent green paint to make her easier to find.
The queen is confined in this cage that comes hanging in the package. The queen and worker bees were collected from different hives at the commercial apiary where the bees were produced, and don’t immediately accept each other – although the bees that are clinging to the queen cage seem to have because I could see them feeding her (I think).
Anyway, the queen cage has a cork that keeps the queen in for the trip, and under the cork there is supposed to be a plug made out of sugar “candy” that the workers will gnaw away to free the queen. Unfortunately when I removed the cork there wasn’t any candy – so I put the cork back in and went and got a piece of bread to plug the hole with. If the queen is still in the cage in a few days I’ll release her during the first inspection. I should have prepared for this possibility by equiping myself with a marshmallow to plug the hole. I’m not to worried though – if they don’t eat the bread and free the queen they will feed her through the cage, and she’ll be fine. I hope.
Don't do this - When introducing a queen into an empty box without foundation just free the queen and put the queen cage in your pocket - seriously don't leave the cage laying around or the bees might cluster on it because of the queen pheremones on it. If you do what I did in this picture you will probably also have to repair the crossed comb that they will build.
After I removed the cork and improvised a plug I hung the queen and her attendants from one of the frames near the center of the hive. I’ve seen pictures of people having to bend nails and whatnot to improvise a hanger, but the strip of soft sheet metal that this package came with seems to be way easier to use.
I found out a few days later that this was a horrible mistake – the bees started building comb off of the queen cage instead of from the starter strips in the frames. More about that later.
Usually in package bee installation how tos you are instructed to shake the bees out through the 3 inch hole left by the syrup can – lots of shaking involved which doesn’t look too pleasant for the bees. However I just took the screen loose on the side of the box to open up the entire side as instructed in this beemaster video on installing a package of bees.
Then the whole bunch comes out with very little effort or trauma to the bees.
Now just carefully replace all of the frames – slowly wiggle them in to give the bees a chance to get out of the way. It seems impossible from the way this picture looks, but I don’t think I killed a single one.
Now carefully replace the inner cover. That piece of plywood with the round hole and screen is just laying over a corresponding round hole in the inner cover. My idea is to feed the bees without them getting into the upper chamber. We’ll see how it works. By the way I made all of the hive parts except the frames from scratch. I’m planning to use 8 frame medium depth hive bodies for everything.
Notice that the bees aren’t attacking me at all. I doubt if I would have been stung even without the bee suit – but It’s going to be a while before I get that cocky.
The jar of syrup has a few holes punched in the lid and goes right over the screen. If they drink that too quick I’ll use a gallon paint can later.
Now an empty hive body, and the outer cover.
If I had been on the ball I would have placed the entrance reducer before I started.
The stick that you can see is corking up the vent hole in the innner cover. In just a few minutes the bees were all moving inside and flying around the yard orienting themselves. In a few hours they were already bringing in pollen from the blackberry flowers.
This process might look intimidating, but after all of the waiting I really enjoyed the whole thing – I didn’t get stung. I had worried that when I dumped all of those bees out they would all just rise up and fly away if I didn’t do everything exactly right. But the thing is they don’t seem to want to fly away. It’s almost like if you had been cooped up in a greyhound bus for 3 days and then you were deposited right into a five star hotel with an open buffet – what they really seemed to want to do was settle in and make theirselves at home.
Photography by my lovely and fearless wife Shirley – who was not wearing a bee suit.
* Digging a hole in hard ground for a tree or shrub? Dig a starter hole and fill it to the top with water - come back later and you will be amazed at how much easier it is to dig. After you dig fill it with water again, and wait for it to soak in before back filling and planting - the more stable soil moisture will give your tree a better start.
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* When planting trees don't mix a lot of organic matter into the soil or the tree might grow a compacted root ball in the improved soil without sending roots out into the surrounding ground. Just dig a hole and put the loosened dirt back in - then add compost or rotted manure as a mulch on top of the ground.
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* If you get your beds ready before time to plant, consider covering them with a plastic tunnel to both warm the soil, and to keep it dry so that when the right day for pea planting (or whatever) rolls around you won't be delayed by frozen mud.
* When shopping for spring seeds buy some for the Fall garden while they are available.
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* When planting tiny fragile seeds cover with fine compost, potting soil, or peat moss so that the emerging plantlets don't have to fight through crusty soil.
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* When starting seeds indoors you will get much quicker and more reliable germination by keeping the soil warm - about 70 F. But, once plants emerge they can get leggy under artificial light if you keep them too warm.
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* When starting seeds under fluorescent lights you should keep the lights as close to the tops of the plants as possible - but even then the intensity is far less than real sunlight. Move your plant starts outside as soon as weather permits.
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* When starting seeds keep the soil moist and warm until the plants emerge, but then try to let the surface of the soil dry out a bit between waterings.
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* Check the germination rate of your seeds by putting 10 each between sheets of wet paper towels, keep moist and warm. In a week or so you will see how many you need to put in each spot.
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* One of the most important factors to successful gardening is to plant at the right time. Nothing else matters if you get this wrong.
